C. Mendel's legacy : Omnis cyclus e cosmo : Mendel's chronoastrobiological legacy for transdisciplinary science in personalized health care.

摘要

This paper reviews the development of chronobiology, the science (logos) of life (bios) in time (chronos), and of chronomics, against the background of Mendel's contributions far beyondudgenetics. In keeping with Mendel the meteorologist, we document for rhythms that light and food are not the only external switches. The "master switch", light, can be overridden more often andudmore critically than we visualize by feeding (3) or by a magnetic storm (4). Very important hypothalamic "oscillators" (5) are not the only internal mechanism of rhythms. Time structures, chronomes, reside in every biological unit, pro- or eukaryote, Figure 2 (6; cf. 5, 7). Chronomes in us have a strong genetic component which, in turn, entered the genome in response to environmental chronomes, explored meteorologically by Mendel. The more remote environmentaludorigin of rhythms and their less remote genetic aspect both qualify biological chronomes as the legacy of Mendel the meteorologist as well as the geneticist.udOur continued resonance with the environment renders an exophased endocycling even more interesting. The need for coordinated physical and biological monitoring, the topic of a project on The BIOsphere and the COSmos, briefly BIOCOS, to complement genomics, can also be viewed asudthe legacy of Mendel the meteorologist/cartographer. Some of Mendel's meteorological data wereudmeta-chrono-analyzed. Mendel himself published more often on meteorology than on what became genetics. His legacies of paraphernalia are those of a meteorologist. Despite failing hisudexamination for certification as a regular teacher in 1850 -- his lowest marks were in biology and geology (!) -- and although he reportedly never passed his teacher's license examination, Mendel started the science that distinguished the rules of dominant vs. recessive behavior and eventually led to the cloning of organisms and the debate about stem cells, again raising the question "What is life?" (1, 8, 9). Mendel is the de facto teacher par excellence of this generation of genomics, proteomics and nanochemistry by virtue of what became not only genetics but also chronomics inudBrno. Our advocacy of education in instrumented self-help for chronobiologic literacy includesudgenetics and ecology, and qualifies as Mendelian. Chronobiologic literacy in everyday health care serves for the quantification of normalcy. By resolving chronomes in the normal range, we act positively rather than defining health negatively and only qualitatively (as the absence of disease, i.e., of deviations outside that range) summarized as % morbidity and % mortality only for a population, not for the individual.udFrom these several viewpoints that have as a common denominator focus upon the usual, we view Johann Gregor Mendel as a chronobiologist. We view chronobiology in a broad perspectiveudof its now thoroughly documented roots in our genes and via our genome in the cosmoi, as they were when and where life began and as they changed from then to now. Evolution, ecology,udgenetics and chemistry, the legacies of Darwin, Haeckel, Mendel and Lavoisier respectively, and their transdisciplinary fusion by Brückner, Egeson, Norman Lockyer, W.J.S. Lockyer, Chizhevsky and Vernadsky in the spirit of Dokuchaev, like everything else, occur in time. They are part andudparcel of chronobiology and of a much broader temporal perspective from chronomics, an overdue transdisciplinary cartography of the as-yet unknown.