Leadership concepts and theories began appearing in the libraryliterature in the late 1980s. By the 1990s a number of leadership developmentprograms were being offered that were designed to develop librarianleadership skills. The programs had various objectives: to improve career developmentof early and midcareer librarians; to provide access to underrepresentedminority groups in management; and to develop leadership skills.These programs, primarily multiday and residential in nature, employeda hybrid mix of training methods, including focus on leadership styles,self-discovery, and emphasis on skill-building. Despite the proliferation ofthese programs, evaluation research about them has primarily focused onself-reports from participants about their learning and their satisfactionwith these programs. Systematic evaluation research, particularly utilizing acontrol group design or providing a longitudinal assessment, has not beenwidely conducted in the field.
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