Evaluation and Selection of Available Processes for a Zero-Liquid Discharge System for the Perris, California, Ground Water Basin. Desalination and Water Purification Research and Development Program Report No. 154; Final rept. Oct 05-Sep 07

摘要

Eastern Municipal Water District faces a serious disposal issue for brine produced by their existing and planned primary ground water desalination facilities. The cost of brine disposal, especially for an inland agency, is very expensive and is expected to dramatically increase. As a result, a wide range of existing and emerging water treatment technologies were evaluated for the design of a zero-liquid discharge system. Alternative processes were tested; at pilot-scale, secondary reverse osmosis and electrodialysis reversal; at bench-scale, forward osmosis, membrane distillation, and seeded reverse osmosis; and by desktop modeling, brine concentrators, crystallizers, evaporation ponds, and SAL-PROC. A cost analysis model based on individual treatment modules was developed for each process alternative with 14 process trains evaluated. Total annual costs ranged from $5,396,278 to $8,326,201. These figures represent a sum of the amortized capital annual costs plus operation and maintenance costs, and do not consider the revenue generated from recovered water.