Toxic Gas Exposure Risks Associated With Potential Shuttle Catastrophic Failures

摘要

From early in the Shuttle program, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has modeled hydrogen chloride (HCl) release by burning solid propellant in the solid rocket boosters. In 1998, the United States Air Force 45th Space Wing instituted more stringent launch commit criteria (LCC) for the Titan and Delta vehicles and proposed that the same LCC be applied to the Shuttle to enhance safety of onsite visitors and offsite public. Two types of health and safety standards were applicable: (1) Expected casualties and risk and (2) air quality emergency response. This study addresses the issues using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-recommended model, CALPUFF. Results were compared to those produced by the USAF model, REEDM, developed for projecting air quality from nominal launches. Model performance was also evaluated against results of a Kennedy Space Center-sponsored study at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) using a computer intensive, wild-fire model. CALPUFF and the LANL model are capable of multipuff modeling of multiple sources. REEDM is a single-source, single-puff model. This study revealed significant deficiencies in REEDM when applied to the catastrophic failure problem. CALPUFF results indicate that, if a Shuttle abort were to occur over land, serious levels of HCl exposure could occur out to distances of at least 10 km, sufficient range to include major onsite visitor viewing areas. A preliminary survey of mitigation alternatives indicates cost-effective measures could be implemented that are sufficiently protective. Recent safety initiatives in response to the Columbia Accident Investigation Board report are not reflected here.