Renewable energy in energy efficient, low-pollution systems

摘要

Energy use accounts for the dominating fraction of total sulphur dioxide (SO(sub 2)), nitrogen oxide (NO(sub x)), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbon dioxide (CO(sub 2)) emissions. In this thesis, different strategies for reducing these emissions are evaluated, using a bottom-up approach. CO(sub 2) emissions from electricity and heat production in western Scania, Sweden, can be reduced by 25% and the emissions of acidifying gases (SO(sub 2) and NO(sub x)) by 50% by the year 2010, compared with 1988 levels, using energy systems based on efficient end-use technologies, cogeneration of heat and electricity, renewable energy sources and low-pollution energy conversion technologies. Exhaust-pipe NO(sub x) emissions from the Swedish transportation sector can be reduced by 50 percent by the year 2015, compared with 1991, by implementing the best available vehicle technologies. Exhaust-pipe emissions of CO(sub 2) can be stabilized at the 1991 level. With further technical development and the use of fuels from renewable sources of energy, NO(sub x) emissions can be reduced by 75 percent and CO(sub 2) emissions by 80 percent compared with 1991 levels. Swedish biomass resources are large, and, assuming production conditions around 2015, about 200 TWh/year could be utilised for energy. Major reductions in CO(sub 2) emissions could be achieved by substituting biomass for fossil fuels in heat, electricity and transportation fuel production. Transportation fuels produced from cellulosic biomass are likely to be less expensive than transportation fuels from conventional biomass feedstocks such as oil plants, sugar-beet and cereals. 90 refs, 3 figs, 5 tabs