Spindle-shaped Microstructures: Potential Models for Planktonic Life Forms on Other Worlds

摘要

Spindle-shaped, organic microstructures ('spindles') are now known from Archean cherts in three localities (Figs. 1-4): The approximately 3 Ga Farrel Quartzite from the Pilbara of Australia (1); the older, approximately 3.3-3.4 Ga Strelley Pool Formation, also from the Pilbara of Australia (2); and the approximately 3.4 Ga Kromberg Formation of the Barberton Mountain Land of South Africa (3). Though the spindles were previously speculated to be pseudofossils or epigenetic organic contaminants, a growing body of data suggests that these structures are bona fide microfossils and further, that they are syngenetic with the Archean cherts in which they occur (1-2, 4-10). As such, the spindles are among some of the oldest-known organically preserved microfossils on Earth. Moreover, recent delta C-13 study of individual spindles from the Farrel Quartzite (using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)) suggests that the spindles may have been planktonic (living in open water), as opposed to benthic (living as bottom dwellers in contact with muds or sediments) (9). Since most Precambrian microbiotas have been described from benthic, matforming communities, a planktonic lifestyle for the spindles suggests that these structures could represent a segment of the Archean biosphere that is poorly known. Here we synthesize the recent work on the spindles, and we add new observations regarding their geographic distribution, robustness, planktonic habit, and long-lived success. We then discuss their potential evolutionary and astrobiological significance.