Thermally-Induced Ventilation Applications in Atria: A State-of-the-ART Report

摘要

Atria dating back as far as the Roman Empire from fourteen countries were reviewed. Several tentative conclusions have emerged regarding optimal atria aspect ratios and mechanisms to control the atria microclimate. Three areas were considered in the review of atrium technical considerations: cooling design concepts, thermal functions and atrium operating principles. The cooling design concepts discussed include radiative cooling, shading, convective cooling (wind-driven and thermally-induced), and thermal mass. Assumed atrium thermal functions consist of the control of incoming solar radiation, ventilation, cooling and day-lighting. Primary atrium operating mechanisms are convective, conductive and radiative heat transfer. The partitioning of these energy flows are highly dependent upon specific atrium system parameters. Existing natural convection heat transfer and ventilation algorithms as they pertain to atria are presented. The limitations and major assumptions used in developing these algorithms are discussed. The computer programs reviewed include: (1) BLAST, (2) CALPAS3, (3) DEROB, (4) DOE-2A, (5) FREHEAT, (6) PASOLE, (7) PEGFIX, (8) NBSLD, (9) TWOZONE, and (10) UWENSOL. Out of the many atria surveyed, forty-one from thirty-seven locations in the US have been identified and documented. Most of the sites identified are commercial buildings. Sites are categorized into those already constructed and those still in the planning or building stages. Annotated bibliographies for information about atria are presented. These are grouped into the following subject areas: (1) general passive cooling, (2) climate and human comfort, (3) thermal and ventilation equations, (4) atria, (5) courtyards, and (6) measurement techniques. (ERA citation 07:049851)