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Mycorrhization of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) with black truffles: Tuber melanosporum and Tuber brumale

机译:黑松露山核桃(Carya illinoinensis)的菌根化:块茎黑孢子菌和块茎

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摘要

Pecan, Carya illinoinensis, is an economically important nut producing tree that can establish ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with a high diversity of fungi. In the southern USA, truffles (Tuber spp.) sometimes fruit prolifically in cultivated pecan orchards and regularly associate with pecan roots as ectomycorrhizae (ECMs). It has been demonstrated that some valuable European truffle species (e.g., Tuber borchii and Tuber aestivum) can form ECMs with pecan seedlings in nursery conditions. Thus, pecan may represent an attractive alternative host to forest trees for truffle growers given the potential for co-cropping truffles and pecans. To further explore the capacity of pecan to host truffle symbionts, pecan seedlings were inoculated with species of black truffles that are economically important in Europe, T. melanosporum and T. brumale. Ectomycorrhizae were characterized molecularly and their morphology was described in detail. Mycorrhization rates on pecan roots were assessed over a 2-year period. Tuber melanosporum and T. brumale produced well-formed ECMs with a level of root colonization in the first year of 37.3 and 34.5, respectively. After 24 months, the level of mycorrhization increased for T. brumale (49.4) and decreased for T. melanosporum (10.5) inversely to that of non-target ECM greenhouse contaminants (e.g., Sphaerosporella brunnea, Trichophaea woolhopeia, Pulvinula constellatio). To assess whether mating types segregated in T. melanosporum as been reported for other host species, we amplified the mating-type locus from single T. melanosporum ECM belonging to different seedlings over a 2-year period. The two mating idiomorphs were nearly equally represented along the 2-year time span: MAT 1-1-1 decreased from 59.4 in the first year to 48.5 in the second year after inoculation. Data reported in this study add to knowledge on the mycorrhization of pecan trees with commercial truffles and has application to truffle and nut co-cropping systems.
机译:山核桃,Carya illinoinensis,是一种具有重要经济价值的坚果生产树,可以与高度多样性的真菌建立外生菌根共生关系。在美国南部,松露(块茎属)有时在栽培的山核桃园中大量结果,并经常与山核桃根系结为外生菌根(ECM)。已经证明,一些有价值的欧洲松露品种(例如块茎和块茎)可以在苗圃条件下与山核桃幼苗形成ECM。因此,考虑到松露和山核桃的共作潜力,山核桃可能是松露种植者森林树木的有吸引力的替代宿主。为了进一步探索山核桃寄生松露共生体的能力,山核桃幼苗接种了在欧洲具有重要经济意义的黑松露物种,黑孢子虫和布鲁马利松露。对外生菌根进行分子表征,并详细描述其形态。在 2 年内评估山核桃根系的菌根化率。块茎黑孢子菌和布鲁马氏块茎在第一年产生形成良好的ECM,根定植水平分别为37.3%和34.5%。24个月后,布鲁马氏毛滴虫的菌根化水平增加(49.4%),黑孢虫菌的菌根水平下降(10.5%)与非目标ECM温室污染物(如布氏球孢子虫、毛毛虫、Pulvinula constellatio)成反比。评估交配类型是否在 T 中分离。与其他寄主物种一样,我们在 2 年内扩增了属于不同幼苗的单个 T. melanosporum ECM 的交配型位点。在2年的时间跨度内,两种交配异型的比例几乎相等:MAT 1-1-1从接种后第一年的59.4%下降到第二年的48.5%。本研究报告的数据增加了对山核桃树与商业松露的菌根化的知识,并应用于松露和坚果共作系统。

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