First Report of Longidorus kuiperi and Rotylenchus eximius from Coastal Sand Dunes in Crete, Greece

摘要

Plant-parasitic nematode species have been reported on several occasions from coastal sand dunes, including Longidorus and Rotylenchus species (Vovlas et al., 2008; De Luca et al., 2009; Mateille et al., 2014).In April 2016, 10 soil samples of 3 to 4 kg from the rhizosphere of Tamarix smyrnensis with different vegetation around (viz.Elymus farctus, Lycium schweinfurthii, Crithmum maritimum, and Arthrocnemum sp.) were collected for diagnosis of plant-parasitic nematodes.The area of sampling was a coastal sand dune near the archeological site of Komos, southwest of Crete, Greece.Low soil populations of a needle and a spiral nematode were detected (3 and 8 individuals/1,000 cm3 of soil, respectively), which prompted us to undertake a detailed morphological and molecular comparative study with previous reported data.Nematodes were extracted from soil with the wet sieving and decanting method (Cobb, 1918).Morphological and molecular analyses of females identified these species as Longidorus kuiperi Brinkman, Loof and Barbez, 1987,and Rotylenchuseximius Siddiqi,1964.The morphologyof L.kuiperi females(six specimensstudied)wascharacterizedby having a slender body; very broad lip region (27 6 1.5 25 to 30 mm in width); short, hemispherical tail; body length of (7.1 6 0.8 6.5 to 8.5 mm); vulva position at 47 to 55 of body length; odontostyle length of (105 6 6.5 90 to 115 mm); males very common (but less frequent than females 45 vs 55); tail region with 15 to 20 supplements and bulged terminal cuticle.The morphology of R.eximius females (four specimens studied) was characterized by having a hemispherical lip region clearly set off; with four annuli; body without longitudinal striations; lateral fields areolated in the pharyngeal region only; stylet 36 to 38 mm; and broadly rounded tail.The morphology of the isolated nematodes agreed with previous descriptions of L.kuiperi (Brinkman et al., 1987; De Luca et al., 2009), and R.eximius (Siddiqi, 1964; Castillo and Vovlas, 2005).A single individual was used for DNA extraction.Primers and polymerase chain reaction conditions used in this research were specified in Cantalapiedra et al.(2013) and Archidona-Yuste et al.(2016), and a single amplicon of 800 and 1,100 bp was obtained and sequenced, respectively.D2-D3 (KX398055-KX398056) and ITS sequence alignments (751 and 648 bp, respectively) from L.kuiperi (KX398057) showed 98 to 99 similarity, differing in 4, and from 6 to 12 nucleotides, respectively, to other sequences of L.kuiperi deposited in GenBank from Italy and Spain (AM911623, AM905267-AM905270,respectively),with a query coverageof 99.Similarly,D2-D3sequencealignment fromR.eximius(KX398058) showed 100 to 99 to another sequence of R.eximius deposited in GenBank from Italy and Spain (EU280794, DQ328741), differing in zero to three nucleotides, respectively, and a query coverage of 81.Phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian Inference placed L.kuiperi in a highly supported (100) clade that included all L.kuiperi sequences deposited in GenBank (Archidona-Yuste et al., 2016), and R.eximius in a highly supported (100) clade that included all R.eximius sequences deposited in GenBank (Cantalapiedra-Navarrete et al., 2013).All identification methods were consistent with L.kuiperi and R.eximius.To our knowledge, this is the first report of L.kuiperi and R.eximius in Greece.Consequently, all these data suggest that coastal sand dunes in Europe constitute environmental conditions optimal for colonization and development of L.kuiperi, as previously reported (De Luca et al., 2009).Similarly, R.eximius has been reported in several Mediterranean countries, including Italy, Morocco, Spain, and Tunisia (Castillo and Vovlas, 2005), and this report extend the geographical distribution of this species.