Effect of Cannabidiol and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol on Driving Performance: A Randomized Clinical Trial

摘要

ImportanceCannabis use has been associated with increased crash risk, but the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on driving is unclear.ObjectiveTo determine the driving impairment caused by vaporized cannabis containing Δ~(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CBD.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA double-blind, within-participants, randomized clinical trial was conducted at the Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience at Maastricht University in the Netherlands between May 20, 2019, and March 27, 2020. Participants (N?=?26) were healthy occasional users of cannabis.InterventionsParticipants vaporized THC-dominant, CBD-dominant, THC/CBD-equivalent, and placebo cannabis. THC and CBD doses were 13.75 mg. Order of conditions was randomized and balanced.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary end point was standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP; a measure of lane weaving) during 100 km, on-road driving tests that commenced at 40 minutes and 240 minutes after cannabis consumption. At a calibrated blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.02, SDLP was increased relative to placebo by 1.12 cm, and at a calibrated BAC of 0.05, SDLP was increased relative to placebo by 2.4 cm.ResultsAmong 26 randomized participants (mean SD age, 23.2 2.6 years; 16 women), 22 (85) completed all 8 driving tests. At 40 to 100 minutes following consumption, the SDLP was 18.21 cm with CBD-dominant cannabis, 20.59 cm with THC-dominant cannabis, 21.09 cm with THC/CBD-equivalent cannabis, and 18.28 cm with placebo cannabis. SDLP was significantly increased by THC-dominant cannabis (+2.33 cm 95 CI, 0.80 to 3.86;P? ?.99), THC (0.51 cm 95 CI, ?1.01 to 2.02;P?>?.99) or THC/CBD (1.22 cm 95 CI, ?0.29 to 2.72;P?=?.20) conditions, relative to placebo. Out of 188 test drives, 16 (8.5) were terminated due to safety concerns.Conclusions and RelevanceIn a crossover clinical trial that assessed driving performance during on-road driving tests, the SDLP following vaporized THC-dominant and THC/CBD-equivalent cannabis compared with placebo was significantly greater at 40 to 100 minutes but not 240 to 300 minutes after vaporization; there were no significant differences between CBD-dominant cannabis and placebo. However, the effect size for CBD-dominant cannabis may not have excluded clinically important impairment, and the doses tested may not represent common usage.