The N=1, d=10 super Yang-Mills action is constructed in a twisted form, using SU(5) invariant decomposition of spinors in 10 dimensions. The action and its off-shell closed twisted scalar supersymmetry operator Q is derived from a Chern-Simons term. The action can be decomposed as the sum of a term in the cohomology of Q and of a term that is Q-exact. The first term is a fermionic Chern-Simons term for a twisted component of the Majorana-Weyl gluino and it is related to the second one by a twisted vector supersymmetry with 5 parameters. The cohomology of Q and some topological observables are defined from descent equations. In this SU(5)?SO(10) invariant decomposition, the N=1, d=10 theory is determined by only 6 supersymmetry generators, as in the twisted N=4, d=4 theory. There is a superspace with 6 twisted fermionic directions, with solvable constraints.
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