Fallout plume of submerged oil from Deepwater Horizon

摘要

The sinking of the Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico led to uncontrolled emission of oil to the ocean, with an official government estimate of similar to 5.0 million barrels released. Among the pressing uncertainties surrounding this event is the fate of similar to 2 million barrels of submerged oil thought to have been trapped in deep-ocean intrusion layers at depths of similar to 1,000-1,300 m. Here we use chemical distributions of hydrocarbons in >3,000 sediment samples from 534 locations to describe a footprint of oil deposited on the deep-ocean floor. Using a recalcitrant biomarker of crude oil, 17 alpha(H), 21 beta(H)-hopane (hopane), we have identified a 3,200-km(2) region around the Macondo Well contaminated by similar to 1.8 +/- 1.0 x 106 g of excess hopane. Based on spatial, chemical, oceanographic, and mass balance considerations, we calculate that this contamination represents 4-31 of the oil sequestered in the deep ocean. The pattern of contamination points to deep-ocean intrusion layers as the source and is most consistent with dual modes of deposition: a "bathtub ring" formed from an oil-rich layer of water impinging laterally upon the continental slope (at a depth of similar to 900-1,300 m) and a higher-flux "fallout plume" where suspended oil particles sank to underlying sediment (at a depth of similar to 1,300-1,700 m). We also suggest that a significant quantity of oil was deposited on the ocean floor outside this area but so far has evaded detection because of its heterogeneous spatial distribution.