The spectrum of TMR-1C is consistent with a background star

摘要

In a previous paper we proposed that there may be a population of runaway planets and brown dwarfs that formed via ejection from multiple-star systems. We further suggested TMR-1C as a candidate runaway protoplanet. Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS images of the Class I protostar TMR-1 (IRAS 04361 + 2547) reveal TMR-1C as a faint near-infrared companion with 10." 0 = 1400 AU projected separation. The central protostar is itself resolved as a close binary with 0." 31 = 42 AU separation, surrounded by circumstellar reflection nebulosity. A long, narrow filament seems to connect the protobinary to the faint companion TMR-1C, suggesting a physical association, which can plausibly be explained if TMR-1C was ejected by the protobinary. This paper presents near-infrared grism spectroscopy to constrain the effective temperature of TMR-1C, obtained with the Near-Infrared Camera (NIRC) at Keck Observatory. To interpret the data, we construct a grid of extincted M dwarf spectra to compare with the low-resolution (R similar to 120) NIRC spectrum. The assumed extinction corresponds to standard interstellar dust. With the additional assumption that no near-infrared dust excess contributes to the spectrum, then M4.5 is the latest spectral type TMR-1C can have within the uncertainties. Adopting 2 sigma error bars, this translates to T-eff > 2700 K effective temperature and A(K) = 2.5 +/- 0.75 extinction at K band (A(V) = 22 +/- 6.6 for standard dust). We compare the luminosity and effective temperature of TMR-1C with evolutionary tracks of young giant planets and brown dwarfs in a theoretical H-R diagram. Given a relatively low inferred luminosity of similar to 10(-3) L., then TMR-1C is hotter than predicted by available theoretical models. However, the models are very uncertain at such young ages, less than 300,000 yr, so that it is unclear whether the theoretical tracks by themselves provide a suitably strong test. Given the quality of the observed spectrum, only a partial answer is possible. The new data do not lend weight to the protoplanet interpretation, and the results remain consistent with the explanation that TMR-1C may be a background star. We discuss additional observational tests that may be useful. References: 44