Revision of Palaearctic mountain midges (Diptera: Deuterophlebiidae), with phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of world species

摘要

Abstract.The mountain midges (Diptera: Deuterophlebiidae) of the Palaearctic Region are revised to include eight species. Four new species are described:D. brachyrhinasp. nov.,D.oporinasp. nov. andD. blepharissp.nov. from the Himalayas (Assam and Sikkim), andD.bicarinatasp. nov. from southern Korea. A lectotype is designated forD.mirabilisEdwards, and a key to adult males of all Palaearctic species is provided.Larval, pupal and adult characters were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of world species of Deuterophlebiidae. Based on features of the adult male, the Himalayan speciesD. brachyrhinaandD. oporinaare considered the most primitive deuterophlebiids. The Nearctic speciesD. inyoensisis proposed as the sister group of the remaining species. Relationships among the latter are based primarily on larval and pupal characters; however, lack of information about the immature stages of several Palaearctic species contributes to a poorly resolved phylogeny. Several alternative hypotheses are presented and discussed. All phylogenetic alternatives suggest that the Nearctic fauna originated from at least two invasions of North America.