Symptoms of forest decline (Waldsterben) on Norway and red spruce

摘要

AbstractStands of Norway spruce (Picea abiesL. Karst.) and red spruce (Picea rubensSarg.) in Vermontwere examined for morphological symptoms of forest decline. Defoliation pattern, needle discoloration, regeneration of proventitious secondary shoots, and the formation of unusually short internodes with exceptionally small foliage were the same for both Norway and red spruce. Qualitative and quantitative analysis detected no significant variation between the two species in Vermont, suggesting that the symptoms examined are not specific for Norway spruce. Forest declinesymptomatology of Norway spruce in northeastern North America closely parallels the descriptions of ‘Waldsterben’ symptoms in the German literat