Bootstrapping techniques can accelerate the development of language technology for resource-scarce languages. We define a framework for the analysis of a general bootstrapping process whereby a model is improved through a controlled series of increments, at each stage using the previous model to generate the next. We apply this framework to the task of creating pronunciation models for resource-scarce languages, iteratively combining machine learning and human knowledge in a way that minimizes the human intervention required during this process. We analyse the effectiveness of such an approach when developing a medium-sized (5000-10 000 word) pronunciation lexicon. We develop such an electronic pronunciation lexicon in Afrikaans, one of South Africa's official languages, and provide initial results obtained for similar lexicons developed in Zulu and Sepedi, two other South African languages. We derive a mathematical model that can be used to predict the amount of time required for the development of a pronunciation lexicon of a given size, demonstrate the various tools that can accelerate the bootstrapping process, and evaluate the efficiency of these tools in practice.
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