Different types of finite element methods (FEMs) for microwave and optical waveguides are reviewed and are utilized for modeling of a traveling-wave (TW) optical modulator, as one of the typical microwave photonic devices. Using the quasi-TEM and the full-wave vector FEM solvers for microwave waveguides and the scalar FEM solver for optical waveguides, the behaviour of a TW Z-cut Ti:LiNbO3 Mach-Zehnder optical modulator with a ridge structure is investigated. References: 16
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