AbstractThere are four anatomical sites at which functional electrical stimulation may be applied to the sacral neural outflow to achieve voiding of urine in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction: the micturition centres of the conus medullaris; the sacral anterior nerve roots; the mixed sacral nerves in their intraspinal, extradural course; and the pelvic nerves. This paper reviews the surgical and physiological advantages and disadvantages of each of these stimulation sites.
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