Calamus exilisandC. zollingeriare coppicing, clustering rattans that possess characteristics favorable to sustained#x2010;yield cane harvesting in protected areas, including high population densities, year#x2010;round cane availability, minimal adverse effects on other species when harvested, well#x2010;developed trade networks, and strong market demand. Cane resprout and growth rate studies suggest thatC. exiliscan be repeatedly harvested at four year intervals; a longer, but as yet undetermined interval would be required for repeatedC. zollingeriharvesting. Although ecological and economic aspects of C.exilisandC. zollingeriappear promising, sustainable harvesting by local people faces significant social and political constraints, including ill#x2010;defined resource access and tenure arrangements, the absence of local village management organizations and harvesting guidelines, and weak political and economic power of rattan collectors and villages vis a vis outside commercial interests.
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