Today's integrated electronics is very much headed towards miniaturization. Moore's law (1965) asserted that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit would double roughly every two years, and indeed this trend is still respected after more than 40 years. It is not necessary to stress here that integration to larger and larger scales, from switched source impedance to gigascale integration, has carried an enormous number of advantages. Squeezing a circuit to the square micrometer scale increases speed and reduces power consumption and cost. Innovations such as the cellular phone, whose incorporated functions are continuously growing without an increase of its size, and the personal computer would not have been possible without circuit integration. However, as fundamental limitations in device scaling are reached, scientists and designers are compelled to find new strategies for defeating physics laws and continuing with this trend.
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