Development of formulated reference sediments for freshwater and estuarine sediment testing

摘要

AbstractSediments collected at various field locations may have chemical and physical constituents that influence test results and may contain organisms that cannot be readily removed. Thus, reference sediments are needed that can be formulated to match diverse freshwater and estuarine sediments encountered in comprehensive testing programs. This research evaluated formulated reference sediments in terms of (a) their ability to match field‐collected sediments both chemically and physically; (b) their suitability as habitat (survival and reproduction) for typical invertebrate toxicity testing species (Hyalella aztecaSaussure,Chironomus tentansFabricius, andDaphnia magnaStraus) during chronic exposures; and (c) their suitability as a substrate forHyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubiaRichard, andPimephales promelasRafinesque in 14‐d whole‐sediment exposures. Formulated reference sediments were prepared to match naturally occurring sediments with respect to particle‐size distribution, organic matter, organic carbon, pH, solids, CEC, but not redox potential. After preparation, a conditioning period of at least 7 d was required for pH stabilization of formulated reference sediments. In culture experiments, formulated reference sediment was suitable forHyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, andDaphnia magnasurvival and reproduction for 56, 40, and 28 d, respectively.Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubiaandPimephales promelassurvival was ≥88 in 14‐d exposures to formulated reference sediment. Formulated reference sediments may reduce some unexplained physical, chemical, or biological “toxicity” of field‐collected sediments (e.g., organic matter) that may influence toxicit