The model ocean has an active upper layer driven by surface wind stress and surface heating on time scales of one to ten years. The deep passive mixed lower layer redistributes cold water from polar regions to the sub-tropical ocean. The dynamics of the upper layer are represented by the reduced gravity equations modified to allow interaction between the two layers by deep upwelling and entrainment at the interface. There is deep upwelling and entrainment at the bottom of the mixed layer. A selection of different distributions of surface wind stress and surface heating are used to drive the circulation including slowly moving wind bands, and slow changes of surface heating.
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