Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is one of the most useful techniques to detect ultrafast processes including excitation relaxation in biological systems. Methods to observe time-resolved fluorescence and examples of the application of these methods to biological systems are described. Time-resolved fluorescence spectra of photosynthetic pigments in the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis cells were measured with the time-correlated single photon counting method at 77 K, and analyzed by the global analysis. Anisotropies of fluorescence from the green alga Codium fragile chloroplasts were measured with the fluorescence up-conversion method.
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