Mining in Turkey has historically been an industry that has struggled to attract large volumes of foreign direct investment (FDI) on account of a notoriously difficult operating environment and an overarching state presence within the sector. Indeed, in 2000,85 of mining operations were controlled by the state. However, in the last 15 yr, the sector has seen significant development. President Recep Tayyib Erdogan, who has pledged to transform the country into one of the leading global economies by 2023, used his long tenure as Prime Minister and Head of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) to initiate steps to open up the sector and to attract new international investors.
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