The bigger the vessel size, the lower the transportation cost but, at the same time, the greater the impact of the port construction/upgrade - both in terms of the environment and the cost. Lack of infrastructure and/or port constraints are the most significant challenges faced by mines and new power plants, thus preventing them to fully exploit their potential. Offshore terminals can be a viable alternative proposal to shore-based infrastructure, especially for a single user, such as mines or for power plants.
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