In this study, the use of energy carriers based on renewableenergy sources in battery-powered electric vehicles(BPEVs), fuel-cellelectric vehicles(FCEVs), hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs)and internalcom- bustion engine vehicles(ICEVs)is compared regarding energyefficiency, emission and cost. There is the potential to double theprimary energy compared with the current level by utilising vehicleswith electric drivetrains. There is also major potential to increasethe efficiency of conventional ICEVs. The energy and environmentalcost of using a passenger car can be reduced by 50/100 solely byusing improved ICEVs instead of ICEVs with current technicalstandard.
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