Relationship between atmospheric and urinary nickel in workers manufacturing electrical resistances using nickel oxide: role of the bioavailability of nickel

摘要

The daily concentrations of nickel in total (ie inhalable) and respirable airborne dust (personal sampling) and in post-shift and pre-shift urine samples were monitored during five consecutive work days in 20 workers exposed to NiO in a workshop manufacturing electrical resistances. The individual daily atmospheric nickel concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 9586μg Ni/m3(geometric mean 22.9) for total dust and from 0.2 to 332μg Ni/m3(geometric mean 3.5) for respirable dust. The results of the urinary excretion of nickel suggested that the occupationally-related systemic absorption of nickel strongly differed in one subject (worker E) compared to the other 19 workers. In the latter group the nickel concentration in urine never exceeded 5μg Ni/g creatinine, it did not differ between post-shift and pre-shift samples (geometric means: 1.1versus1.2μg Ni/g creatinine), and it was only slightly higher than that measured in a group of 17 non-exposed subjects (mean 0.5μg Ni/g creatinine; range 0.1–1.7); furthermore their nickel elimination in urine did not change during the days off or after two weeks of holiday. In worker E, the nickel concentration ranged from 21 to 101μg Ni/g creatinine in post-shift urine, the next morning (after 16 h) it had dropped on average by 50 per cent, it decreased further during the days off, and amounted still to 4.4μg Ni/g creatinine after two weeks of holiday. These divergent patterns of elimination of nickel in urine are most likely related to differences in the nature of exposure to airborne nickel involving both particle size and bioavailability of nickel. Worker E was exposed to NiO powder of 1–8μm particle size resulting in nickel levels of the respirable fraction on average about 50 times that measured for the 19 other workers (3μg Ni/m3). Transformation of the initial NiO powder into particles of 150 to 600μm size and associated changes in physicochemical properties of NiO in the particles of the respirable fraction may explain why the urinary excretion of nickel in the 19 workers is hardly influenced by their occupational exposure to this metal. The pattern of urinary nickel elimination in worker E, however, most likely reflects very recent exposure to NiO, suggesting that the degree of bioavailability of nickel from this particular physicochemical form of NiO powder is much higher than that usually accepted for poorly soluble nic