Dynamics of Microbiological Diversity of Soils in the Chu Valley during Land Use Change in Pastures

摘要

Soil microflora is one of the first to feel a negative impact and can serve as a biological indicator of changes in the soil structure and the degree of impact on the soil ecosystem. In 2020, studies were carried out at two sites located in the Shamshy Gorge in the Chui region of the Kyrgyz Republic. One of the plots was withdrawn from pasture use for one year in 2020 and two years in 2019 as compared to the actively used control option. The microbiological diversity was studied with conventional methods of microbiology. The micromycetes of the studied soils were represented in the dominance of species resistant to adverse environmental factors, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, and Alternaria, i.e., the species diversity was insignificant, with a predominance of representatives of dominant species. A decrease in the anthropogenic load in the studied areas has led to the activation of microbiological processes and a significant increase in soil microbiodiversity, which is indicative of improvement in the enzymatic properties and an acceleration of the soil self-healing process. Studies have also shown that soils in the regime of unregulated overgrazing are significantly susceptible to drying and trampling, which leads to a decrease in microbiological diversity in the soil ecosystem and the dominance of microorganism forms that are resistant to adverse environmental factors. The obtained data suggest that overgrazing affects the structure of soil microbiocenosis, replacing it with more drought-resistant species. Thus, the microbiological diversity of soils subjected to varying degrees of anthropogenic pressure can serve as a biological indicator of the state of the soil ecosystem. It is also necessary to resolve the issue of the regulation of the rotational grazing of livestock, which can also ensure the preservation of pasture productivity and contribute to the conservation of the biological diversity of flora and fauna of pastures, respectively.