Graphene-hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocomposites are fabricated using betel leaf extract as a green reducing agent. UV-Visible, Raman, and XRD techniques proved graphene's formation and the HA's alpha-TCP crystal structure. The mechanical properties obtained from Nanoindentation and Vicker indentation techniques demonstrated the enhancement in the elastic modulus, microhardness, and fracture toughness values by 114 , 36 , and 141 . The SEM analysis of radial cracks confirmed that reinforced graphene sheets hindered the crack propagation by ridge growth and bridging. Surface roughness (110 ) and coefficient of friction (40 ) values are also enhanced for these nanocomposites. Further, the nanocomposites also showed in vitro cell viability (140 at 200 mu g/mL) for human embryonic kidney cells and osteoconductivity in simulated body fluid solution.
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