In most studies in the literature, the issue of addressing the degradation of stiffness of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) components due to mechanical loading conditions is ignored. The work in this study presents a damage model to characterize damage in lithium-ion battery cells. The damage model used here is for an elastoplastic constitutive model employing a non-associated flow rule for the LIB cell. The damage model is formulated on the general basis of continuum damage mechanics. This paper develops a robust and efficient VUMAT subroutine in Abaqus/Explicit to evaluate the damage in the LIB cell. The proposed approach significantly saves computational time for analyzing nonlinear large deformation LIB cells. The validity of the constitutive equation and the damage mechanism are evaluated for their ability to predict force-displacement graphs and the damage detected in quasi-static loading conditions (radial, indentation, axial, and three-point bending).
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