Biomanufacturers typically have relied on multistep processes for optimal removal of impurities such as host-cell proteins (HCPs), DNA, adventitious viruses, and aggregates. However, additional purification steps increase downstream expenses significantly, including costs of supplementary resin, hardware, and buffers. The substantial footprint required at a processing site and additional time needed to perform a complete multistep purification process also increase production costs and complicate process execution. Thus, it is imperative to design and test effective purification procedures for high-quality biotherapeutics, but reasonable process costs, time, and manufacturing space are required.
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