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Coronal Elemental Abundances During A-Class Solar Flares Observed by Chandrayaan-2 XSM

机译:Chandrayaan-2 XSM观测到的A级太阳耀斑期间的日冕元素丰度

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The abundances of low first ionization potential (FIP) elements are three to four times higher in the closed loop active corona than in the photosphere, known as the FIP effect. Observations suggest that the abundances vary in different coronal structures. Here, we use the soft X-ray spectroscopic measurements from the Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) onboard the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter to study the FIP effect in multiple A-class flares observed during the minimum of Solar Cycle 24. Using time-integrated spectral analysis, we derive the average temperature, emission measure, and the abundances of four elements - Mg, Al, Si, and S. We find that the temperature and emission measure scales with the sub-class of flares while the measured abundances show an intermediate FIP bias for the lower A-flares (e.g. A1), while for the higher A-flares, the FIP bias is near unity. To investigate it further, we perform a time-resolved spectral analysis for a sample of the A-class flares and examine the evolution of temperature, emission measure, and abundances. We find that the abundances drop from the coronal values towards their photospheric values in the impulsive phase of the flares and, after the impulsive phase, they quickly return to the usual coronal values. The transition of the abundances from the coronal to photospheric values in the impulsive phase of the flares indicates the injection of fresh unfractionated material from the lower solar atmosphere to the corona due to chromospheric evaporation. However, explaining the quick recovery of the abundances from the photospheric to coronal values in the decay phase of the flare is challenging.
机译:低第一电离电位 (FIP) 元素的丰度在闭环活性电晕中比在光球中高三到四倍,称为 FIP 效应。观测表明,丰度在不同的冠状结构中各不相同。在这里,我们使用Chandrayaan-2轨道器上的太阳X射线监测器(XSM)的软X射线光谱测量来研究在太阳周期24的最小值期间观察到的多个A级耀斑中的FIP效应。使用时间积分光谱分析,我们推导出平均温度、发射测量值和四种元素(Mg、Al、Si 和 S)的丰度。我们发现,温度和发射测量值与耀斑的子类成比例,而测量的丰度显示较低的A-耀斑(例如A1)的FIP偏差中等,而对于较高的A-耀斑,FIP偏差接近于统一。为了进一步研究它,我们对A级耀斑样本进行了时间分辨光谱分析,并检查了温度、发射测量和丰度的演变。我们发现,在耀斑的脉冲阶段,丰度从日冕值下降到它们的光球值,并且在脉冲阶段之后,它们迅速恢复到通常的日冕值。在耀斑的脉冲阶段,丰度从日冕值到光球值的转变表明,由于色球蒸发,新鲜的未分级物质从低层太阳大气注入日冕。然而,解释在耀斑衰变阶段从光球到日冕值的丰度的快速恢复是具有挑战性的。

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