Research in the last two decades has increasingly demonstrated that RNA has capabilities comparable to those of proteins, for example the ability to form intricate 3D structures necessary for catalysis. Numerous protein domains are known in varied within-domain rearrangements, called permutations, that change the N- to C-terminal order of important amino acids inside the domain, but maintain their 3D locations. In RNAs, by contrast, only simple circular permutations are known, in which 5 ' and 3 ' portions of the molecule are merely swapped. Here, we computationally find and experimentally validate naturally occurring RNAs exhibiting non-circular permutations of previously established hammerhead ribozyme RNAs. In addition to the rearranged RNAs, a bioinformatics-based search uncovered many other new conserved RNA structures that likely play different biological roles. Our results further demonstrate the structural sophistication of RNA, indicate a need for more nuance in the analysis of pseudoknots, and could be exploited in RNA-based biotechnology applications.
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