Metal formers must understand how the expanded use of newer, higher-strength steels and aluminum alloys can affect the performance of lubricants during forming. Corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards, enacted in the United States in 1975 to reduce vehicle energy consumption, compile the average fuel efficiency of any automotive original equipment manufacturer's (OEM's) combined fleet of vehicles. In 2012, an Obama administration directive required automotive OEMs to increase their CAFE rating to 54.5 miles/gal. by 2025, motivating them and their suppliers to develop strategies to help improve vehicle fuel efficiency. Among these strategies: several manufacturing approaches to reduce vehicle weight (lightweighting).
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