Urban drainage systems are key infrastructures in society, protecting public health and safeguarding the liveability of our cities. In developed and developing countries, approaches to urban drainage systems have evolved over the last 150 years into the systems we have today. None of these systems is perfect and urban water systems need continuous adaptation and optimisation to be able to accommodate for physical pressures, such as climate change, ongoing urbanisation and urban densification, and societal pressures, such as the willingness to pay for urban water services, circularity and sustainability, and increasing water quality requirements due to use of receiving urban water for recreational purposes.
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