Animicrobial resistance (AMR) has become an increasingly important threat to public health. The excessive use of antibiotics has caused pathogens to mutate and become more resilient to drugs, rendering them ineffective. AMR was responsible for 1.3 million human deaths in 2019 (Murray et cil. 2022) and one of the sources of this challenge is the use of antibiotics in the animal production food chain. The majority of all antibiotics produced is consumed by animals. Aquaculture has grown considerably over the last decade, accounting for 25 percent of global fish production in 2000 and increasing to 47.9 percent in 2019 (FAO 2021). Governmental institutions and commercial producers have taken many steps over the years to control the excessive use of antibiotics but often there are still no tangible alternatives for disease control of cultured aquatic species.
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