Bone metabolism and the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) pathway: a comprehensive review

摘要

The main metabolic function of bone is the homeostasis of calcium and phosphate. This is achieved through a balance of bone resorption and formation. To gain an understanding of bone turnover it is important to appreciate the different cells, regulatory steroids and hormones involved and how these have their actions. This article summarizes bone cells, normal bone metabolism, bone turnover, regulatory mechanisms and the clinical applications of these. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand and osteoprotegerin (RANK/RANKL/OPG) cell signalling pathway is discussed in detail. Understanding these topics enhances knowledge of the pathological processes and diseases that result from failures of bone metabolism. ? 2021