The main stages of the development of manned cosmonautics in the Soviet Union and Russia are discussed. The tasks of a promising Russian high-latitude orbital station, the shape of which has already been determined, are formulated. Among the main tasks are ensuring the maximum possibilities for observing the territory of the Russian Federation and research with human participation in areas of near-earth space with the least protection from cosmic radiation, that is, where all the effects of open space are most clearly manifested. These studies will be carried out in the interests of future interplanetary manned flights. The authors also consider the main tasks of manned flights to the Moon, the creation of a habitable lunar base, and a lunar transport infrastructure. This article is based on a report presented at the scientific session of the General Meeting of RAS members on April 21, 2021.
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