When we talk about the significant and critical role that civilengineering infrastructure had, and continues to have, in thedevelopment of society, the systems aspects of these assets are onlygenerally implied. In the last several decades, the increasing need tomeet sustainable development objectives in asset planning, designand management required more explicit considerations of theirenvironmental and social impacts in addition to the more traditionalfocus on technical, functional and economic performance. This hasled to design and assessment frameworks for engineered assets thatconsider at least four, and sometimes even more ‘bottom-lines’ (i.e.4BL or 5BL) in decision making (Foliente et al., 2007).
展开▼
