Superconductive electronics opened in 1962, the year of the discovery of the Josephson Effects. Throughout the history of about 50 years, research fields of superconductive electronics concentrate on highly sensitive magnetic sensors called SQUIDs, low noise mixers for radio astronomy, voltage standards, and high-speed digital circuits with ultra low power consumption. Although these active devices are based on low transition temperature superconductors, they are special to superconductive electronics and have exclusively high advantage to competitive devices. After the discovery of high temperature superconductors (HTSs), passive filters with low insertion loss and with sharp cut-off characteristics were added to the research fields.
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