Relationship between out‐of‐facility deliveries and distance and travel time to delivery facilities in Hokkaido, Japan: An ecological study

摘要

Abstract Aim This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the distance and travel time from each municipality to the nearest delivery facilities in the other municipalities and the frequency of out‐of‐facility deliveries in Hokkaido. Methods Vital statistics from 2016 to 2020 were used. For municipalities without delivery facilities, the distance and travel time from the town office of each municipality to the nearest delivery facility was measured using Google maps. Negative binomial regression with an offset term was used to calculate the relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of out‐of‐facility delivery for distance (<30, 30–59, ≥60?km), and travel time by car (<30, 30–59, and ≥60?min) from the town office to the nearest delivery facility compared with the presence of delivery facilities. Results The overall rate of out‐of‐facility deliveries in Hokkaido was 2.1‰; in municipalities with delivery facilities, 1.8‰, and in municipalities without delivery facilities, 3.1‰. The adjusted RRs (95% CIs) for out‐of‐facility deliveries were significantly higher in municipalities with less than 30?km and travel time of less than 30?min to delivery facilities, 2.63 (1.34–5.17) and 2.76 (1.36–5.58), respectively, compared to municipalities with delivery facilities. However, the adjusted RR of out‐of‐facility delivery for municipalities ≥30?km was higher, although the difference was not significant. Conclusions Even in municipalities with a distance to delivery facilities of less than 30?km or travel time of less than 30?min, we should keep in mind the occurrence of out‐of‐facility deliveries.