Animals that cling to walls and walk on ceilings owe this ability to micrometre and nanoscale attachment elements. The highest adhesion forces are encountered in geckoes, which have developed intricate hierarchical structures consisting of toes (millimetre dimensions), lamella (400–600μm size), setae (micrometre dimensions) and spatulae (～200nm size). Adhesion forces of setae on different substrates have previously been measured by a micro-electromechanical system technique. Here we report the first successful experiments in which the force–displacement curves were determined for individual spatulae by atomic force microscopy. The adhesion force for these smallest elements of the gecko's attachment system is reproducibly found to be about 10nN. This method sheds new light on the nanomechanisms of attachment and will help in the rational design of artificial attachment systems.
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