A clustering-based quantitative analysis of the interdependent relationship between spatial and energy anomalies in ADS-B trajectory data

摘要

As air traffic demand grows, robust, data-driven methods are required to ensure that aviation systems become safer and more efficient. The terminal airspace is identified as the most critical airspace for both individual flight-level and system-level safety and efficiency. As such, developing data-driven anomaly detection methods to analyze terminal airspace operations has been an active area of research. With the expansion of ADS-B technology, open-source flight tracking data has become more readily available to enable larger-scale analyses of aircraft operations. Generally, the methods developed to detect anomalies in ADS-B trajectory data detect anomalies in either the spatial or energy dimension. These methods distinctly use either spatial metrics or energy metrics, derived from ADS-B trajectory data. Motivated by the limited number of approaches that simultaneously consider both spatial and energy metrics, this paper introduces the concepts of spatial anomalies and energy anomalies and performs a novel investigation into the relationships and interdependencies, if any exist, between the two types of anomalies. To enable this analysis, spatial and energy anomalies are detected in ADS-B trajectory data (and associated derived metrics) using HDBSAN and DBSCAN clustering algorithms, respectively. Four months of ADS-B trajectory data associated with arrivals at San Francisco International Airport is extracted, cleaned and processed. The results that stem from this investigation indicate that if an aircraft is not spatially conforming to an identified set of air traffic flows representing standard spatial operations, then this aircraft is more likely to experience non-conformance to standard operations in its energy metrics. Additionally, this research reveals underlying differences between trajectories that are spatially nominal and energy-anomalous and those trajectories that are spatially anomalous and energy-anomalous. Focusing solely on energy anomalies does not provide insight into potential spatial-related decisions that may have been made to result in off-nominal energy behavior.