1,10-Phenanthroline is a classic ligand that plays an important role in coordination chemistry and continues to be of considerable interest as a versatile starting material in organic, inorganic and supramolecular chemistry. As for 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives, most of the recent work has been prompted by the intense current interest in their molecular recognition, photophysical, catalysis, redox properties and cleavages of DNA. Thus, a simple and convenient access to 1,10-phenanthroline building blocks appears of importance. Surprisingly, the functionalization of the 2,9-positions of 1,10-phenanthroline ligand appears to be relatively rare. Among these derivatives, 2,9-dihalo-1,10-phenanthrolines are the most versatile starting materials of particular importance as they can be used either directly for metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions to form additional derivatives or for the preparation of the 2,9-diamino, 2,9-dialkoxy and 2,9-diacetyl analogues.
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