Pumping systems, like fan systems, are major targets for improving the energy efficiency of air-conditioning systems for two reasons: 1. They are inherently parasitic energy burdens since they provide only the transporting of energy rather than serving as the primary source or sink. 2. The complex nature of the systems due to the interrelationships of the thermal and hydraulic features has led to misdirected complexity and resulting inefficiencies. Because of the low temperature ranges (Δts) in chilled-water systems and the ever-increasing use of larger systems, they have been one of the primary targets of dialogue regarding a host of design theories in recent years. A review of the evolution of these systems coupled with the first law of thermodynamics provides the best insight into improving energy efficiency and performance.
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