Gender Variations, Generational Effects, and Mental Health of Transgender People in Relation to Timing and Status of Gender Identity Milestones

摘要

Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people commonly report the following gender identity milestones: feeling different about their gender than expectations for their sex assigned at birth, identifying as TGD, living in their affirmed gender, and, for some, accessing gender-affirming medical care. We explored the average ages of reaching these milestones and variations across gender groups and generational cohorts. We also examined how gender groups, generational cohorts, and endorsement of reaching each of the milestones related to minority stress variables and mental health. This online study included 695 TGD individuals ages 16-73. Boomers+ and Generation X groups were more likely to identify as trans women compared with the younger generational cohorts, who were more varied in their identities. Trans women had later ages of starting to live in their affirmed gender and receiving gender affirming medical care compared with other gender groups. The Boomers+ cohort reported later ages for the milestones compared with other generational cohorts. And, finally, younger generational cohorts had higher levels of internalized stigma, anxiety, and depression, compared with the older cohorts. Gender congruence emerged as a consistent predictor of mental health in the full sample and within each generational cohort. There are important generational differences across identity milestones, minority stress, and mental health that need exploration in future longitudinal research. In addition, beyond the effects of milestone timing, reporting feelings of congruence with one's gender identity is an important consideration for mental health. Public Significance Statement Challenges for gender minorities vary across generational context; younger generational cohorts of transgender individuals experienced greater challenges in relation to minority stressors and mental health, whereas older generational cohorts experienced gender identity milestones at later ages. Milestone status is especially important for more positive mental health outcomes for transgender individuals.