Descent of deep stratospheric intrusions during the IONS August 2006 campaign

摘要

Deep stratosphere-to-troposphere transport (STT) conveying ozone-rich stratospheric air to the lower troposphere in the extratropics can episodically increase ozone concentrations in the lower troposphere. However, dynamical aspects of the descent, including dispersion and mixing with the surrounding tropospheric aft and necessary conditions for reaching the lower troposphere, are not clearly understood yet. This study focuses on August 2006, as daily balloon sonde measurements were made from many sites covering North America within the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Ozonesonde Network Study campaign. During this period, four profiles were found with clear signs of deep STT. A mesoscale model was used together with trajectory calculation to represent these events. Over 10 days, 20 distinct clusters of trajectories were identified as significant deep STT events, including three observed. The four largest clusters carried 41, 35, 25, and 16 x 10~(12) kg of mass of air, respectively. A dynamical analysis was performed on the three observed events that were captured numerically. The descents showed three distinct phases: (1) crossing of the tropopause, (2) free descent, and (3) quasi-horizontal dispersion in the lower troposphere. Clusters are rapidly sliding down sloping isentropes while being slowly diabatically cooled (approximately -1 K d~(-1)), The tilt in the isentropes along the descent is due to an approximately equal combination of a negative potential temperature anomaly at the tropopause during phase I and a nearby baroclinic zone at the ground. The combination of these two conditions appears to be necessary for reaching the lower troposphere. In the three cases, the clusters stayed compact until they reach the lower troposphere, and it is estimated that approximately 80% of the ozone of stratospheric origin is released directly in the lower troposphere.