Drinking water in Gonabad, Iran: Fluoride levels in bottled, distribution network, point of use desalinator, and decentralized municipal desalination plant water

摘要

This study reports measurement of the fluoride (F) content of the five most available brands of bottled drinking water, distribution network water supply, 45 kitchen taps with under the sink point of use (POU) desalinator, and all three decentralized municipal (DM) desalination plants in Gonabad city, Iran. Thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) and polyamide RO membranes are used in POU and DM desalination plants, respectively. The mean F concentration of samples in distribution network, kitchen taps POU, DM desalination plants, and bottled drinking water were 0.93, 0.4, 0.32 and 0.23 mg/L with a range of 0.83 to 1.11, 0.2 to 0.6, 0.12 to 0.43, and 0.09 to 0.63 mg/L, respectively.