Origin of hydrocarbon and noble gases, carbon dioxide and molecular nitrogen in the Miocene strata of the eastern part of the Polish Carpathian Foredeep: Isotopic and geological approach

摘要

Fifteen natural gas samples were collected from the autochthonous Miocene strata between Dybica and PrzemyS1 towns in the eastern sector of the Polish Carpathian Foredeep. The samples were analysed for the molecular and stable isotope compositions of carbon (delta C-13 in CH4, C2H6, C3H8, i-C4H10, n-C4H10 and CO2), hydrogen (delta H-2 in CH4, C2H6 and C3H8), nitrogen (delta N-15 in N-2), and all stable isotopes of noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe) in order to reveal the origin and migration pathway of these gases. Methane concentrations usually exceeded 90 vol%. Methane was mainly generated by microbial carbon dioxide reduction. The rhythmic and cyclic deposition of clays, muds and sands in the Miocene marine basin facilitated and intensified microbial processes. Microbial ethane can be produced by methanogenic Archaea from acetate via reduction. Ethane partly contains a minor component generated from early mature thermogenic process. Propane and butanes were also generated thermogenically. The hydrocarbon gases in the Miocene horizons IIA and IIIA of the GOra Ropczycka field were generated at higher maturity thermogenic process than the rest of the analysed Miocene gases probably from the Middle Jurassic type III kerogen. They migrated to the Miocene horizons from the underlying Upper Jurassic horizon IV of the same field along a fault. Carbon dioxide of the analysed Miocene gases was mainly generated by primary microbial processes. Moreover, the total carbon constrained in the analysed Miocene gases from 0.1 to 6 wt% contained mantle-derived carbon, and thus carbon dioxide mantle component. Molecular nitrogen was mainly generated during low-temperature thermal transformation of organic matter. It might also involve a relatively insignificant component released from NH4-rich illites of the clayey facies of Miocene strata and an atmospheric component delivered by recharge of air-saturated seawater to the reservoir. Inorganic fluid supply from greater lithospheric depth would not be responsible for the promotion of thermal transformation of organic matter. Molecular nitrogen from Miocene horizons in the GOra Ropczycka field was generated during the thermal transformation of organic matter of higher maturity than the rest of Miocene gases, and migrated from the Upper Jurassic horizon along a fault. Helium is dominated by its radiogenic component, with a minor contribution from the mantle. The almost constant mixing ratios of the two helium components in the natural gases from Miocene horizons of various depths suggest that He migrated from a common inorganic deep-seated source in the lithosphere. The other noble gases are dominated by atmospheric components delivered to the hydrocarbon reservoirs by recharge of air-saturated seawater, with minor nucleogenic Ne-21, radiogenic Ar-40, and sedimentary Kr and Xe contributions. The atmospheric component is isotopically fractionated for Ne, and elementally fractionated with various degrees. The ratios of radiogenic He-4 to nucleogenic Ne-21 or radiogenic Ar-40 are higher than the crustal production ratios, suggesting fractionation during thermal release from their host minerals and/ or phase related fractionation during their transport to the gas reservoirs.