Thrombosis of venous outflows of the cavernous sinus: possible aetiology of the cortical venous reflux in case of indirect carotid-cavernous fistulas

摘要

The presence of a cortical venous reflux (CVR) in a carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is well described and is considered to be a criterion for urgent treatment. This reflux is often associated with direct/traumatic CCF and the high-flow of the fistula alone explains the reflux. For indirect CCF, the pathophysiology of a CVR is unclear.